Mendeleev · science lesson

Acids and bases: several useful definitions

Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions are not competitors: they describe progressively broader contexts.

Start with the idea

Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions are not competitors: they describe progressively broader contexts.

A concrete example

NH₃ is a Brønsted base because it can accept a proton even though its formula contains no OH⁻ ion.

Mendeleev

Mendeleev’s tip

Do not start with a formula. Identify what changes, what stays constant and which quantity you are trying to explain or calculate.

Go one step deeper

In NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻, NH₃ accepts a proton and H₂O donates one, revealing the conjugate acid-base pairs.

Common trap

A trend or model is not an exceptionless law. Always check the quantity’s definition and the conditions being compared.

Check your understanding

Can you explain the phenomenon in your own words before looking at an equation?

Go deeper in Science →

What is happening?

In the Brønsted–Lowry model, an acid can donate a proton and a base can accept one. The same substance can sometimes behave differently depending on what it reacts with.

Where do we see it?

In water, pH gives a practical measure related to hydrogen-ion activity. A change of one pH unit represents a tenfold change in this activity, so the scale is logarithmic rather than linear.

Neutralisation does not always mean the final solution is exactly pH 7. The result depends on the acid, the base, their amounts and the chemistry of the products formed.

pH is not the whole story

Two solutions with the same pH can behave differently depending on the species present and their total concentration. pH is useful, but it is not a complete description.

Go one step further

A useful way to understand this phenomenon is to separate the driving force from the visible result. Temperature, pressure, concentration, surface area and the nature of the materials can each change the rate or the final state. In real systems, several of these factors often act at the same time.

That is why the same phenomenon can look different in a laboratory, in the kitchen or outdoors. The underlying chemistry or physics stays the same, but the conditions change the balance.