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Water

Water looks simple, but a glass of tap water is already a small chemistry lesson.

Pure H₂O is only part of the story. Natural and drinking water contains dissolved ions and gases. Calcium and magnesium contribute to hardness; bicarbonate often matters for alkalinity; sodium, chloride and sulfate may also be present.

That chemistry explains ordinary observations. Limescale in a kettle is mainly linked to calcium carbonate deposits. Mineral content changes taste and electrical conductivity too.

Water itself is unusual: ordinary ice is less dense than liquid water, it stores a lot of heat for its mass, and its polarity makes it an excellent solvent for many ionic and polar substances.