Total internal reflection

The key idea

When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index toward one with lower refractive index, sufficiently large incidence angles can prevent transmission and produce total internal reflection.

Why it matters

The effect is the operating principle behind optical fibres and many compact optical devices.

A picture to remember

Key idea

Total internal reflection

Key idea

Total internal reflection

Si n₁>n₂ : sinθ_c = n₂/n₁

When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index toward one with lower refractive index, sufficiently large incidence angles can prevent transmission and produce total internal reflection.

Guided example

Total internal reflection

When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index toward one with lower refractive index, sufficiently large incidence angles can prevent transmission and produce total internal reflection.

Put it into practice

Total internal reflection

Choose a concrete case linked to Total internal reflection. Write down the known information, what you are trying to find, and the units. Then state the rule, model or trend you will use. If a calculation is involved, keep the units visible at every line; if it is conceptual, state what changes and what remains fixed.

Check your answer

A strong answer contains four things: the starting situation, the variable that changes, the direction or numerical result, and one check. The check can be a unit, an order of magnitude, a limiting case or a comparison with a familiar example.