Dati della tavola periodica

Dati di riferimento per tutti i 118 elementi, con le colonne essenziali in primo piano e proprietà atomiche, fisiche e storiche disponibili quando servono.

Z	Simbolo	Elemento	Massa atomica	Gruppo	Periodo	blocco	Configurazione elettronica	Elettronegatività di Pauling	Raggio atomico calcolato	Raggio covalente per legame singolo	Prima energia di ionizzazione	Densità di riferimento	Punto di fusione	Punto di ebollizione	Anno della scoperta
1	H	Idrogeno	[1.00784, 1.00811]	1	1	s	1s1	2.2	53	32	1,312.049	8.988e-05	13.835	20.271	1766
2	He	Elio	4.002602(2)	18	1	s	1s2	—	31	46	2,372.322	0.0001786	—	4.222	1895
3	Li	Litio	[6.938, 6.997]	1	2	s	[He]2s1	0.98	167	133	520.221	0.534	453.61	1,603	1817
4	Be	Berillio	9.0121831(5)	2	2	s	[He]2s2	1.57	112	102	899.504	1.85	1,556	2,742	1798
5	B	Boro	[10.806, 10.821]	13	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p1	2.04	87	85	800.637	2.34	2,365	4,200	1808
6	C	Carbonio	[12.0096, 12.0116]	14	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p2	2.55	67	75	1,086.453	2.267	—	—	c. 3750 BCE
7	N	Azoto	[14.00643, 14.00728]	15	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p3	3.04	56	71	1,402.33	0.001251	63.172	77.355	1772
8	O	Ossigeno	[15.99903, 15.99977]	16	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p4	3.44	48	63	1,313.943	0.001429	54.3705	90.188	1771
9	F	Fluoro	18.998403162(5)	17	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p5	3.98	42	64	1,681.047	0.0017	53.54	85.04	1886
10	Ne	Neon	20.1797(6)	18	2	p	[He]2s2, 2p6	—	38	67	2,080.662	0.0009002	24.5653	27.104	1898
11	Na	Sodio	22.98976928(2)	1	3	s	[Ne]3s1	0.93	190	155	495.846	0.968	370.93	1,156.09	1807
12	Mg	Magnesio	[24.304, 24.307]	2	3	s	[Ne]3s2	1.31	145	139	737.75	1.738	923	1,363	1755
13	Al	Alluminio	26.9815384(3)	13	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p1	1.61	118	126	577.539	2.7	933.473	2,743	1824
14	Si	Silicio	[28.084, 28.086]	14	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p2	1.9	111	116	786.518	2.33	1,688	3,538	1823
15	P	Fosforo	30.973761998(5)	15	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p3	2.19	98	111	1,011.811	1.823	317.3	550	1669
16	S	Zolfo	[32.059, 32.076]	16	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p4	2.58	88	103	999.59	1.96	388.36	717.8	c. 500 BCE
17	Cl	Cloro	[35.446, 35.457]	17	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p5	3.16	79	99	1,251.186	0.0032	172.2	239.11	1774
18	Ar	Argon	[39.792, 39.963]	18	3	p	[Ne]3s2, 3p6	—	71	96	1,520.571	0.001784	83.8138	87.302	1894
19	K	Potassio	39.0983(1)	1	4	s	[Ar]4s1	0.82	243	196	418.81	0.89	336.84	1,032	1807
20	Ca	Calcio	40.078(4)	2	4	s	[Ar]4s2	1.0	194	171	589.83	1.55	1,115	1,757	1808
21	Sc	Scandio	44.955907(4)	3	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d1	1.36	184	148	633.088	2.985	1,814	3,109	1879
22	Ti	Titanio	47.867(1)	4	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d2	1.54	176	136	658.813	4.506	1,943	3,560	1791
23	V	Vanadio	50.9415(1)	5	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d3	1.63	171	134	650.908	6.11	2,201	3,680	1830
24	Cr	Cromo	51.9961(6)	6	4	d	[Ar]4s1, 3d5	1.66	166	122	652.869	7.15	2,180	2,952.078	1797
25	Mn	Manganese	54.938043(2)	7	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d5	1.55	161	119	717.276	7.21	1,519	2,334	1774
26	Fe	Ferro	55.845(2)	8	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d6	1.83	156	116	762.472	7.86	1,811	3,134	c. 2000 BCE
27	Co	Cobalto	58.933194(3)	9	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d7	1.88	152	111	760.402	8.9	1,768	3,200	1735
28	Ni	Nichel	58.6934(4)	10	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d8	1.91	149	110	737.136	8.908	1,729	3,003	1751
29	Cu	Rame	63.546(3)	11	4	d	[Ar]4s1, 3d10	1.9	145	112	745.482	8.96	1,357.77	2,835	c. 8000 BCE
30	Zn	Zinco	65.38(2)	12	4	d	[Ar]4s2, 3d10	1.65	142	118	906.402	7.14	692.677	1,180	1746
31	Ga	Gallio	69.723(1)	13	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p1	1.81	136	124	578.845	5.91	302.915	2,673	1875
32	Ge	Germanio	72.630(8)	14	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p2	2.01	125	121	762.18	5.323	1,211.4	3,106	1886
33	As	Arsenico	74.921595(6)	15	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p3	2.18	114	121	944.451	5.727	—	—	1250
34	Se	Selenio	78.971(8)	16	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p4	2.55	103	116	940.96	4.81	494.2	958	1817
35	Br	Bromo	[79.901, 79.907]	17	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p5	2.96	94	114	1,139.859	3.1028	265.9	332	1825
36	Kr	Kripton	83.798(2)	18	4	p	[Ar]4s2, 3d10, 4p6	3.0	88	117	1,350.757	0.003749	115.7969	119.735	1898
37	Rb	Rubidio	85.4678(3)	1	5	s	[Kr]5s1	0.82	265	210	403.032	1.532	312.46	961	1861
38	Sr	Stronzio	87.62(1)	2	5	s	[Kr]5s2	0.95	219	185	549.471	2.64	1,041	1,650	1787
39	Y	Ittrio	88.905838(2)	3	5	d	[Kr]5s2, 4d1	1.22	212	163	599.874	4.472	1,795	3,203	1794
40	Zr	Zirconio	91.222(3)	4	5	d	[Kr]5s2, 4d2	1.33	206	154	640.096	6.52	2,128	4,650	1789
41	Nb	Niobio	92.90637(1)	5	5	d	[Kr]5s1, 4d4	1.6	198	147	652.13	8.57	2,745	5,017	1801
42	Mo	Molibdeno	95.95(1)	6	5	d	[Kr]5s1, 4d5	2.16	190	138	684.315	10.28	2,895	4,912	1781
43	Tc	Tecnezio	[97]	7	5	d	[Kr]5s2, 4d5	1.9	183	128	686.916	11	2,429	4,538	1937
44	Ru	Rutenio	101.07(2)	8	5	d	[Kr]5s1, 4d7	2.2	178	125	710.18	12.45	2,606	4,423	1844
45	Rh	Rodio	102.90549(2)	9	5	d	[Kr]5s1, 4d8	2.28	173	125	719.674	12.41	2,236	3,968	1804
46	Pd	Palladio	106.42(1)	10	5	d	[Kr]4d10	2.2	169	120	804.383	12.023	1,828	3,236	1802
47	Ag	Argento	107.8682(2)	11	5	d	[Kr]5s1, 4d10	1.93	165	128	730.995	10.49	1,234.93	2,483	c. 3000 BCE
48	Cd	Cadmio	112.414(4)	12	5	d	[Kr]5s2, 4d10	1.69	161	136	867.772	8.65	594.2186	1,040	1817
49	In	Indio	114.818(1)	13	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p1	1.78	156	142	558.298	7.31	429.7485	2,345	1863
50	Sn	Stagno	118.710(7)	14	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p2	1.96	145	140	708.58	7.265	505.078	2,875	c. 3000 BCE
51	Sb	Antimonio	121.760(1)	15	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p3	2.05	133	140	830.583	6.697	903.77	1,908	815
52	Te	Tellurio	127.60(3)	16	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p4	2.1	123	136	869.314	6.24	722.72	1,261	1782
53	I	Iodio	126.90447(3)	17	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p5	2.66	115	133	1,008.391	4.933	386.8	457.4	1811
54	Xe	Xeno	131.293(6)	18	5	p	[Kr]5s2, 4d10, 5p6	2.6	108	131	1,170.352	0.005894	161.414	165.051	1898
55	Cs	Cesio	132.90545196(6)	1	6	s	[Xe]6s1	0.79	298	232	375.705	1.93	301.66	944	1860
56	Ba	Bario	137.327(7)	2	6	s	[Xe]6s2	0.89	253	196	502.849	3.51	1,000	2,118.599	1808
57	La	Lantanio	138.90547(7)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 5d1	1.1	226	180	538.089	6.162	1,192	3,737	1838
58	Ce	Cerio	140.116(1)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f1, 5d1	1.12	210	163	534.394	6.77	1,070	3,716	1803
59	Pr	Praseodimio	140.90766(1)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f3	1.13	247	176	—	6.77	1,208	3,403	1885
60	Nd	Neodimio	144.242(3)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f4	1.14	206	174	533.057	7.01	1,289	3,347	1885
61	Pm	Promezio	[145]	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f5	—	205	173	538.569	7.26	1,315	3,273	1945
62	Sm	Samario	150.36(2)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f6	1.17	238	172	544.536	7.52	1,346	2,173	1879
63	Eu	Europio	151.964(1)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f7	—	231	168	547.109	5.244	1,095	1,802	1901
64	Gd	Gadolinio	157.249(2)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f7, 5d1	1.2	233	169	593.365	7.9	1,591	3,273	1880
65	Tb	Terbio	158.925354(7)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f9	—	225	168	565.771	8.23	1,624	3,396	1843
66	Dy	Disprosio	162.500(1)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f10	1.22	228	167	573.032	8.54	1,683	2,840	1886
67	Ho	Olmio	164.930329(5)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f11	1.23	226	166	580.986	8.79	1,742	2,873	1878
68	Er	Erbio	167.259(3)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f12	1.24	226	165	589.303	9.066	1,795	3,141	1843
69	Tm	Tulio	168.934219(5)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f13	1.25	222	164	596.704	9.32	1,822	2,223	1879
70	Yb	Itterbio	173.045(10)	—	6	f	[Xe]6s2, 4f14	—	222	170	603.435	6.9	1,091	1,469	1878
71	Lu	Lutezio	174.96669(5)	3	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d1	1.27	217	162	523.517	9.841	1,950	3,675	1906
72	Hf	Afnio	178.486(6)	4	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d2	1.3	208	152	658.519	13.31	2,504	4,876	1922
73	Ta	Tantalio	180.94788(2)	5	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d3	1.5	200	146	728.423	16.69	3,280	5,731	1802
74	W	Tungsteno	183.84(1)	6	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d4	2.36	193	137	758.764	19.25	3,687	6,203	1783
75	Re	Renio	186.207(1)	7	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d5	1.9	188	131	755.82	21.02	3,463	5,869	1925
76	Os	Osmio	190.23(3)	8	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d6	2.2	185	129	814.165	22.59	3,328	5,285	1803
77	Ir	Iridio	192.217(2)	9	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d7	2.2	180	122	865.186	22.56	2,719	4,403	1803
78	Pt	Platino	195.084(9)	10	6	d	[Xe]6s1, 4f14, 5d9	2.28	177	123	864.396	21.45	2,041.9	4,098	1735
79	Au	Oro	196.966570(4)	11	6	d	[Xe]6s1, 4f14, 5d10	2.54	174	124	890.131	19.3	1,337.33	3,243	c. 4000 BCE
80	Hg	Mercurio	200.592(3)	12	6	d	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10	2.0	171	133	1,007.066	13.534	234.321	629.88	c. 1500 BCE
81	Tl	Tallio	[204.382, 204.385]	13	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p1	1.62	156	144	589.36	11.85	577	1,746	1861
82	Pb	Piombo	[206.14, 207.94]	14	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p2	1.87	154	144	715.601	11.34	600.612	2,022	c. 3800 BCE
83	Bi	Bismuto	208.98040(1)	15	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3	2.02	143	151	702.945	9.78	544.556	1,837	1400
84	Po	Polonio	[209]	16	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p4	2.0	135	145	812.22	9.196	527	1,235	1898
85	At	Astato	[210]	17	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p5	2.2	127	147	899.003	—	575	—	1940
86	Rn	Radon	[222]	18	6	p	[Xe]6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p6	—	120	142	1,037.073	0.00973	202	211.5	1899
87	Fr	Francio	[223]	1	7	s	[Rn]7s1	0.7	—	223	392.96	—	300	923	1939
88	Ra	Radio	[226]	2	7	s	[Rn]7s2	0.9	—	201	509.29	5	969	1,773	1898
89	Ac	Attinio	[227]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 6d1	1.1	—	186	519.114	10	1,324	3,473	1902
90	Th	Torio	232.0377(4)	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 6d2	1.3	—	175	608.504	11.7	2,020	5,058	1829
91	Pa	Protoattinio	231.03588(1)	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f2, 6d1	1.5	—	169	—	15.37	1,843	4,273	1913
92	U	Uranio	238.02891(3)	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f3, 6d1	1.38	—	170	597.635	19.1	1,407	4,404	1789
93	Np	Nettunio	[237]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f4, 6d1	1.36	—	171	604.539	20.2	913	4,273	1940
94	Pu	Plutonio	[244]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f6	1.28	—	172	581.397	19.816	913	3,501	1940
95	Am	Americio	[243]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f7	1.13	—	166	576.385	12	1,449	2,880	1944
96	Cm	Curio	[247]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f7, 6d1	1.28	—	166	578.163	13.51	1,619	3,383	1944
97	Bk	Berkelio	[247]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f9	1.3	—	168	598.002	14.78	1,323	—	1949
98	Cf	Californio	[251]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f10	1.3	—	168	606.109	15.1	1,173	—	1950
99	Es	Einsteinio	[252]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f11	1.3	—	165	614.457	8.84	1,133	—	1952
100	Fm	Fermio	[257]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f12	1.3	—	167	—	—	1,125	—	1952
101	Md	Mendelevio	[258]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f13	1.3	—	173	—	—	1,100	—	1955
102	No	Nobelio	[259]	—	7	f	[Rn]7s2, 5f14	1.3	—	176	639.332	—	1,100	—	1966
103	Lr	Laurenzio	[262]	3	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 7p1	1.3	—	161	478.567	—	1,900	—	1961
104	Rf	Rutherfordio	[267]	4	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d2	—	—	157	—	—	—	—	1969
105	Db	Dubnio	[268]	5	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d3	—	—	149	—	—	—	—	1970
106	Sg	Seaborgio	[269]	6	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d4	—	—	143	—	—	—	—	1974
107	Bh	Bohrio	[270]	7	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d5	—	—	141	—	—	—	—	1981
108	Hs	Hassio	[269]	8	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d6	—	—	134	—	—	—	—	1984
109	Mt	Meitnerio	[277]	9	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d7	—	—	129	—	—	—	—	1982
110	Ds	Darmstadtio	[281]	10	7	d	[Rn]5f14, 6d9, 7s1	—	—	128	—	—	—	—	1994
111	Rg	Roentgenio	[282]	11	7	d	[Rn]5f14, 6d10, 7s1	—	—	121	—	—	—	—	1994
112	Cn	Copernicio	[285]	12	7	d	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10	—	—	122	—	—	—	—	1996
113	Nh	Nihonio	[286]	13	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p1	—	—	136	—	—	—	—	2004
114	Fl	Flerovio	[290]	14	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p2	—	—	143	—	—	—	—	1998
115	Mc	Moscovio	[290]	15	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p3	—	—	162	—	—	—	—	2003
116	Lv	Livermorio	[293]	16	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p4	—	—	175	—	—	—	—	2000
117	Ts	Tennesso	[294]	17	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p5	—	—	165	—	—	—	—	2009
118	Og	Oganesson	[294]	18	7	p	[Rn]7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p6	—	—	157	—	—	—	—	2002

Le diverse definizioni di raggio restano separate e i valori mancanti non vengono sostituiti con stime.

Dati della tavola periodica

La tavola periodica

Tendenze periodiche